It is well established that there is elevated inflammation in Alzheimer’s disease, while hippocampal neurogenesis (a type of brain plasticity) is decreased in the brains of Alzheimer’s patients. Research has shown that gut microbiota may be a master regulator of both inflammation and neurogenesis, and emerging research suggests a key role of the microbiota-gut-brain axis in Alzheimer’s development. Thus, targeting the microbiota may be a new avenue to develop knowledge for Alzheimer’s treatment.